Sanjay Gandhi National Park: Mumbai’s Green Oasis
Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP) is a remarkable natural sanctuary located in Mumbai, Maharashtra, offering a serene and verdant escape amidst the bustling urban life. It is one of the few national parks in the world situated within the boundaries of a metropolis.
Spanning 103.84 square kilometers, this park is not only a treasure trove of biodiversity but also a hub of historical and cultural significance. In this detailed post, we will explore the history, biodiversity, geography, key attractions, and importance of Sanjay Gandhi National Park comprehensively.
History of Sanjay Gandhi National Park
Sanjay Gandhi National Park was established in 1969, but its history stretches back much further. In ancient times, the region was part of a trade route connecting ports like Sopara and Kalyan, linking India to civilizations such as Greece and Mesopotamia.
The most significant historical attraction within the park is the Kanheri Caves, carved between the 1st century BCE and the 10th century CE by Buddhist monks. These caves served as a center for Buddhist education and pilgrimage.
Originally named Krishnagiri National Park, the park initially covered just 20.26 square kilometers before India’s independence. In 1969, it was expanded by incorporating surrounding forest areas. In 1974, it was renamed Borivali National Park, and in 1981, it was rechristened Sanjay Gandhi National Park in memory of Sanjay Gandhi, son of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Then in 1996, additional forest areas of Thane district were included into it, increasing its total area to 103.84 square kilometers.
Geography and Location
Sanjay Gandhi National Park is situated in the northern suburbs of Mumbai, straddling the Mumbai Suburban and Thane districts. It is bordered by suburbs such as Borivali, Goregaon, Malad, Kandivali, and Dahisar to the west, and Bhandup and Mulund to the east. To the south, it is adjacent to the Aarey Milk Colony. The park’s elevation ranges from 30 meters to 480 meters, contributing to its diverse geographical features.
The park is home to two major artificial lakes: Vihar Lake (constructed in 1860) and Tulsi Lake (constructed in 1897). Both lakes are crucial water sources for Mumbai and enhance the park’s biodiversity.
Biodiversity: Flora and Fauna
Sanjay Gandhi National Park is a stellar example of the biodiversity found in the Western Ghats. It is renowned for its rich flora and fauna, which include:
Flora
- Plant Species: The park hosts over 1,000 plant species, including kadamba, teak, karanj, shisham, acacia, euphorbia, jungle jalebi, and red silk cotton trees.
- Karvi Flower: A unique wild orchid that blooms every eight years, found exclusively in this park and its surrounding areas.
- Mauve: Approximately 800 types of mauve (a local plant) are present in the region.
Fauna
- Mammals: The park is home to 40 mammal species, including the leopard (with a high population density), chital, sambar, wild boar, rhesus macaque, bonnet macaque, hanuman langur, Indian flying fox, and four-horned antelope.
- Birds: Over 254 bird species inhabit the park, including Tickell’s flowerpecker, white-throated sea eagle, paradise flycatcher, trogon, kingfisher, and Malabar whistling thrush.
- Reptiles and Amphibians: The park supports 38 reptile and 9 amphibian species, such as crocodiles (in Tulsi Lake), monitor lizards, pythons, cobras, and various vipers.
- Butterflies: Around 150 butterfly species add to the park’s charm.
- Insects and Fish: Approximately 50,000 insect species and various fish species are also found here.
The park plays a vital role in conserving endangered species like the Indian leopard, four-horned antelope, and Indian flying fox. A recent survey indicated at least 54 leopards in the park, a remarkable feat given its proximity to an urban area.
Key Attractions
1. Kanheri Caves
The Kanheri Caves are the park’s most prominent attraction. These 109 caves, carved out of basalt rock, reflect the history of Buddhism. They feature Buddha statues, ancient carvings, prayer halls, and monasteries. Dating from the 1st century BCE to the 10th century CE, the caves were a sanctuary and learning center for Buddhist monks.
2. Vihar and Tulsi Lakes
These artificial lakes are not only vital water sources for Mumbai but also habitats for migratory birds and crocodiles. They enhance the park’s natural beauty.
3. Gandhi Tekdi
A memorial dedicated to Mahatma Gandhi, located about 1.5 kilometers from the park’s entrance, Gandhi Tekdi offers panoramic views of the surrounding area.
4. Butterfly Garden
The park features a dedicated butterfly garden where visitors can observe various butterfly species up close, making it particularly appealing to children and nature enthusiasts.
Importance of Sanjay Gandhi National Park
- Mumbai’s Lungs: The park is often called the lungs of Mumbai, as its dense vegetation purifies the city’s polluted air.
- Biodiversity Conservation: It serves as a sanctuary for numerous endangered species, playing a critical role in their conservation.
- Cultural and Historical Significance: The Kanheri Caves are a testament to India’s rich Buddhist heritage.
- Urban-Nature Balance: The park exemplifies a unique balance between urbanization and nature, making it globally significant.
Environmental Challenges
Recent studies have highlighted concerns about the park’s forest health. A satellite study revealed that only 36.51% of the forest area remains healthy, with urban encroachment, water scarcity, and invasive species contributing to the decline. Additionally, the buffer zone was reduced from 4 kilometers to 100 meters after 2014, increasing pressure from construction activities. Despite these challenges, conservation and maintenance efforts continue.
Conclusion
Sanjay Gandhi National Park is an invaluable asset to Mumbai, blending nature, history, and culture in a unique way. It is not only a biodiversity hotspot but also a peaceful retreat for city dwellers. From the Kanheri Caves to the butterfly garden, the park offers a remarkable experience for nature and history enthusiasts alike.
For more information, visit the official Sanjay Gandhi National Park website.
